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From Non-Mass Stage to Complex Type: Ultrasonographic Assessment of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis Across Six Clinical Stages
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Yin Yulian, Cheng Yifan, Zhou Liangmei, Zhong Yuanyuan, Wang Bing, Wu Jingjing, Ren Yajuan, Gao Dongwen, Chen Hongfeng, Ye Meina, Yin Haoqiang
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Table 2 Distribution of ultrasonographic features in different stages of GLM
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| Ultrasonographic features | Non-mass stage
(n = 42) | Mass stage
(n = 61) | Abscess stage
(n = 33) | Late ulceration stage
(n = 27) | Fistula stage
(n = 41) | Complex type#
(n = 57) | χ2 | P value | # Statistical analysis was not included for the Complex Type as this group may exhibit characteristics from the preceding stages, leading to potential confounding and dilution of effects. * Different types of track signs may occur concurrently within the same case; therefore, the sum of the frequencies of each track sign subtype exceeds the total frequency of the track sign (All Types).
a Fisher’s exact test; b The imaging features marked in this study are strictly stage-dependent (appearing only in specific pathological stages or later stages), and theoretically, they cannot appear prior to the specified stages (with observed values being 0 in this study). Given their 100% specificity (no false positives observed), we conducted the analysis only on subgroups where these features were actually present. | Track Ssign *
(All types) | 39
(92.86%) | 15
(24.59%) | 4
(12.12%) | 5
(18.52%) | 3
(7.32%) | 31
(54.39%) | 92.207 | < 0.001 | | Track sign with high echogenicity on the inner wall* | 24
(57.14%) | 7
(11.48%) | 2
(6.06%) | 3
(11.11%) | 2
(4.88%) | 16
(28.07%) | 52.721 | < 0.001 | | Track sign with low echogenicity on the inner wall* | 17
(40.48%) | 4
(6.56%) | 1
(3.03%) | 1
(3.7%) | 1
(2.44%) | 7
(12.28%) | 31.689a | < 0.001a | | Track sign with isoechogenicity on the inner wall* | 11
(26.19%) | 2
(3.28%) | 1
(3.03%) | 1
(3.7%) | 1
(2.44%) | 5
(8.77%) | 17.256a | < 0.001a | | Track sign with periductal abscess formation* | 7
(16.67%) | 2
(3.28%) | 1
(3.03%) | 1
(3.7%) | 1
(2.44%) | 3
(5.26%) | 7.870a | 0.057a | | Track sign coexisting with ductal inflammation, periductal inflammation, and nodular structures* | 10
(23.81%) | 1
(1.64%) | 1
(3.03%) | 1
(3.7%) | 1
(2.44%) | 6
(10.53%) | 16.773a | <0.001a | | Donut sign | 29
(69.05%) | 4
(6.56%) | 22
(66.67%) | 2
(7.41%) | 2
(4.88%) | 7
(12.28%) | 88.196 | < 0.001 | | False burr sign | 0
(0%) | 48
(78.69%) | 2
(6.06%) | 8
(29.63%) | 7
(17.07%) | 17
(29.82%) | 64.005b | < 0.001b | | Large areas of mixed echogenicity with irregularly thickened and rough abscess walls; a flowing sensation within the abscess cavity was observed upon probe compression. | 0
(0%) | 0
(0%) | 33
(100%) | 8
(29.63%) | 4
(9.76%) | 11
(19.30%) | 63.599b | <0.001b | | A relatively well-defined and smooth-edged hypoechoic area was observed in the areolar region, communicating with the ductal system. | 0
(0%) | 0
(0%) | 0
(0%) | 19
(70.37%) | 19
(46.34%) | 23
(40.35%) | 3.813b | 0.043b | | A duct-like hypoechoic structure extending toward the skin was observed, with thickening of the inner wall of the duct. | 0
(0%) | 0
(0%) | 0
(0%) | 3
(7.32%) | 38
(92.68%) | 26
(45.61%) | 21.815b | < 0.001b |
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